Computer - Introduction

 

Computer

Commonly Operated Machine Particularly Used for Technology Education and Research. Actually this is not a full form of Computer. Computer itself is a word. It is just a small definition of a computer.

A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a predetermined set of arithmetic or logical operations. It can take instructions often known as programs and execute them. It can be of many types as:

 

·         Desktop computers

·         Laptops

·         Notebooks

·         Tablet

The most common parts of a computer are Random Access Memory (RAM), a processor (CPU) or Central Processing Unit and a set of registers.

A computer is a machine that can be programmed to do arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Modern computers can perform generic sets of operations known as programs. A computer system is a complete computer that includes the hardware, operating system (also can say software) and peripheral equipment needed and used for full operation.  

History

Napoleon Bonaparte initiated the project in 1790 when he ordered a switch from the old imperial system of measurements to the new metric system. For 10 years, scores of human computers made the necessary conversions and completed the tables. Bonaparte was never able to publish the tables. In 1819, Babbage visited the City and viewed the unpublished manuscript with page after page of tables. He wondered there was a way to produce such tables faster with less manpower and fewer mistakes. He thought of the many miracles generated by the Industrial Revolution. He also thought that if creative and hardworking inventors could develop the cotton gin and the steam locomotive then why not a machine to make calculations.

Babbage returned to England and decided to build just such a machine. His first vision was something he named the Difference Engine which worked on the principle of finite differences or making complex mathematical calculations by repeated addition without using multiplication or division. He secured government funding in 1824 and spent eight years perfecting his idea. In 1832 he produced a functioning sample of his table-making machine only to find his funding had run out.

We could say that the first computer was the abacus or its successor, the slide rule, invented by William Oughtred in 1622 but the first computer resembling today's modern machines was the Analytical Engine, a device considered and designed by British mathematician Charles Babbage between 1833 and 1871. 

Early computers were only meant to be used for calculations. Simple manual instruments like the abacus have aided people in doing calculations since ancient times. Early in the Industrial Revolution, some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious work. More sophisticated electrical machines did specialized analog calculations in the early 20th century. The first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II.

Modernization

Conventionally, a modern computer consists of at least one processing element typically a Central Processing Unit (CPU) in the form of a microprocessor along with some type of computer memory typically semiconductor memory chips. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logical operations and a sequencing and Control Unit.  Peripheral devices include input devices (keyboards, mice, joystick), output devices (monitor screens, printers) and input/output devices that perform both functions (e.g. touchscreen). Peripheral devices allow information to be recovered from an external source and they enable the result of operations to be saved and retrieved.

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